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Action vs. Reaction Steam Turbines

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Reaction steam turbine blade design for efficient steam expansion

Action vs. Reaction Steam Turbines

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Action vs. Reaction Steam Turbines: Which Is Best for Your Operation?

Action vs. Reaction Steam Turbines? Steam turbines are the backbone of countless industrial processes, powering everything from electricity generation to heavy machinery. 
 
But when it comes to choosing between an action steam turbine and a reaction steam turbine, the decision can be complex.
 
Each type has unique principles of operation, applications, and challenges. In this comprehensive guide, we’ll dive deep into the differences between action and reaction steam turbines, their working principles, real-world applications, and how to address common issues.
 
By the end, you’ll know which type suits your needs—and how to optimize their performance with cutting-edge solutions like TURBIVAP courses and trainings.

What Are Action and Reaction Steam Turbines?

Action steam turbines and reaction steam turbines are two fundamental designs used to convert thermal energy from steam into mechanical work.

 

The primary difference lies in how they harness the energy of steam to drive the turbine rotor.

 

  • Action Steam Turbines: Also known as impulse turbines, these machines operate by directing high-pressure steam through nozzles, where it expands and accelerates before striking the turbine blades. The force of the steam’s impact (or impulse) causes the rotor to spin. The pressure drop occurs entirely in the nozzles, and the blades experience no significant pressure change during the process.

 

  • Reaction Steam Turbines: In contrast, reaction turbines work on the principle of both impulse and reaction forces. Steam expands and accelerates as it passes through both fixed and moving blades, creating a pressure drop across the moving blades. This continuous expansion generates a reactive force (similar to lift on an airplane wing) that drives the rotor.

 

Both types are widely used, but their applications and efficiencies vary based on operational requirements.

How Do Action and Reaction Steam Turbines Work?

Action Steam Turbine Working Principle

 

In an action steam turbine, high-pressure steam is fed into a series of nozzles where it undergoes rapid expansion, converting thermal energy into kinetic energy.

 

The high-velocity steam jet then strikes the turbine blades, imparting momentum and causing the rotor to turn. Since the pressure remains constant across the blades, the energy transfer relies solely on the impulse force.

 

  • Key Stages: 
    1. Steam enters the nozzle at high pressure and low velocity.
    2. The nozzle accelerates the steam, converting pressure into velocity.
    3. The high-speed steam impacts the blades, transferring kinetic energy.
    4. The steam exits the turbine, and the rotor spins to produce mechanical work.

How Do Action vs. Reaction Steam Turbines Work?

Reaction Steam Turbine Working Principle

 

A reaction steam turbine operates by allowing steam to expand continuously as it flows through both fixed (stator) and moving (rotor) blades. The fixed blades direct the steam, while the moving blades experience a pressure drop, creating a reaction force that drives the rotor.

 

  • Key Stages:
    1. Steam enters the turbine at high pressure.
    2. It expands partially in the fixed blades, gaining velocity.
    3. As it passes through the moving blades, further expansion occurs, generating a reactive force.
    4. This force, combined with the impulse from velocity changes, rotates the rotor.

 

Modern turbines often combine both principles in multi-stage designs to optimize efficiency.

What is a Steam Turbine?

A steam turbines is a mechanical device that extracts thermal energy from pressurized steam and converts it into mechanical work. 

 

This mechanical energy can then be used to drive electrical generators, pumps, or compressors. Steam turbines are widely regarded for their efficiency and adaptability, making them a cornerstone in power generation and industrial processes.

 

Steam turbines consist of a series of rotors and stators. Steam flows through these components, causing the rotor blades to spin and generate rotational energy. 

 

Their versatility allows them to operate in various environments, from small-scale industrial applications to massive utility-scale power plants.

"A steam turbine is a mechanical device that extracts thermal energy from pressurized steam and converts it into mechanical work."

Reaction steam turbine blade design for efficient steam expansion
Action vs. Reaction Steam Turbines

Applicability of Action and Reaction Steam Turbines

Action Steam Turbine Applications

 

Action steam turbines are ideal for applications requiring high-speed operation and compact designs. They excel in scenarios where steam conditions involve high pressure and relatively low flow rates. Common uses include:

 

  • Small-scale power generation (e.g., backup generators).
  • Driving mechanical equipment like pumps and compressors.
  • Early-stage high-pressure sections in multi-stage turbines.

 

Reaction Steam Turbine Applications

 

Reaction steam turbines are better suited for large-scale power generation and applications requiring high efficiency over a wide range of loads. They are commonly found in:

 

  • Utility-scale power plants (thermal and nuclear).
  • Industrial cogeneration systems for combined heat and power (CHP).
  • Marine propulsion systems (e.g., in ships).

 

Their ability to handle large steam volumes and maintain efficiency at lower speeds makes them a staple in heavy industry.

Key Aspects of Action vs. Reaction Steam Turbines

Action Steam Turbine Characteristics

 

  • Efficiency: Lower than reaction turbines in large-scale applications due to higher energy losses in nozzles.
  • Design: Simpler construction with fewer stages, making them easier to manufacture and maintain.
  • Operation: Best for high-pressure, low-flow conditions; often used in single-stage designs like the De Laval turbine.
  • Challenges: Limited scalability for large power outputs; prone to energy losses if steam velocity isn’t optimized.

 

Reaction Steam Turbine Characteristics

 

  • Efficiency: Higher efficiency in multi-stage setups due to continuous steam expansion.
  • Design: More complex, with multiple stages of fixed and moving blades.
  • Operation: Excels in large-scale systems with high flow rates; adaptable to varying loads.
  • Challenges: Higher manufacturing costs and maintenance complexity due to intricate blade designs.
Steam turbine in operation
Steam Expansion Graph Inside Steam Turbine

Common Problems and Solutions in Action and Reaction Steam Turbines

Common Issues in Action Steam Turbines

 

  1. Blade Erosion: High-velocity steam can erode blades, especially if it carries water droplets.
    • Solution: Use erosion-resistant materials (e.g., stainless steel alloys) and ensure proper steam conditioning to remove moisture.
  2. Nozzle Fouling: Deposits from impure steam can clog nozzles, reducing efficiency.
    • Solution: Regular cleaning and use of high-quality, filtered steam.
  3. Vibration: Misalignment or unbalanced rotors can cause excessive vibration.
    • Solution: Precision balancing during maintenance and real-time vibration monitoring.

 

Common Issues in Reaction Steam Turbines

 

  1. Corrosion: Continuous steam expansion increases exposure to corrosive elements in low-pressure stages.
    • Solution: Use corrosion-resistant coatings and monitor water chemistry in the steam cycle.
  2. Thermal Stress: Large temperature gradients across stages can cause material fatigue.
    • Solution: Implement gradual startup/shutdown procedures and use materials with high thermal stability.
  3. Blade Fatigue: Complex blade shapes endure high stresses, leading to fatigue over time.
    • Solution: Regular inspections using non-destructive testing (NDT) methods like ultrasonic testing.

Technological Updates in Action and Reaction Steam Turbines

 

Recent advancements have enhanced the performance of both action and reaction steam turbines:

  • Advanced Materials: Use of titanium and nickel-based alloys for blades to withstand higher temperatures and corrosion.
  • Digital Monitoring: Integration of IoT sensors and digital twins for real-time performance analysis and predictive maintenance.
  • Hybrid Designs: Modern turbines often combine action and reaction stages to optimize efficiency across a wider range of operating conditions.
  • Efficiency Improvements: Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling allows for better blade design, reducing energy losses and improving overall efficiency.

What is the Purpose of a Steam Turbines?

Steam turbines are primarily used for:

 

  1. Electric Power Generation: Serving as the driving force for most thermal power plants.
  2. Industrial Processes: Supplying mechanical energy for pumps, compressors, and other equipment.
  3. Cogeneration Systems: Generating both electricity and useful thermal energy for heating or industrial use.
  4. Marine Propulsion: Powering naval vessels with high-efficiency energy systems.
 

These turbines are vital for ensuring the sustainable and efficient use of energy resources, particularly in high-demand sectors.

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Key Features of Steam Turbines

  • High Efficiency: Steam turbines boast thermal efficiency rates of up to 50%.
  • Wide Range of Capacities: Models range from a few kilowatts to hundreds of megawatts.
  • Durability: Designed to operate continuously under high-pressure and high-temperature conditions.
  • Scalability: Suitable for small industrial plants to large power stations.
  • Environmentally Friendly Options: Compatible with renewable steam sources, such as geothermal or biomass plants.
Diagram illustrating the working principle of an action steam turbine
Diagram illustrating the working principle of an action and reaction steam turbine

Applications of Steam Turbines

Steam turbines is used in a variety of settings:

 

    • Power Plants: Coal, natural gas, nuclear, and geothermal power stations.
    • Oil and Gas Industry: Driving compressors in refineries and pipelines.
    • Chemical and Pharmaceutical Plants: Supporting manufacturing processes.
    • Desalination Plants: Powering systems that convert seawater into freshwater.

Principle of Operation Steam Turbines

The operation of a steam turbine is based on thermodynamic principles, particularly the Rankine cycle:

 
  1. High-pressure steam enters the turbine through nozzles.
  2. The steam expands and loses energy, causing the rotor blades to spin.
  3. The rotational energy is transmitted to a shaft, which drives an external load, such as an electric generator.
  4. Low-pressure steam exits the turbine, often utilized in heat recovery systems or condensed into water for reuse.

Comparing Steam Turbine Solutions

CriteriaCondensing TurbineBackpressure Turbine
Primary UsePower generationIndustrial heat and power
EfficiencyHigher thermal efficiencyOptimized for cogeneration
Steam UsageFully exhaustedPartially used
CostHigher upfront costMore economical

Maximize Your Team’s Expertise with TURBIVAP Training

Empower your team with TURBIVAP’s specialized training programs tailored for steam turbine operation and maintenance. 

 

Whether you’re looking for foundational knowledge or advanced techniques, TURBIVAP offers:

 

  • Digital Courses: Learn at your pace with recorded modules.
  • Live Remote Training: Interactive sessions with experts from anywhere.
  • In-Company Training: Hands-on experience at your facilities.

See the topics in the tab below. Total course load 25h.

 

*Includes the Essential Module

ESSENTIAL – Module 1

 

Start Here
Features and Tools
Course Presentation
Introduction
Application
Rankine Cycle – Transforming Heat into Work
Thermal Cycle Equipment
Types of Steam Turbines
Condensing Turbine
Backpressure Turbine
Types of Extraction
Speed ​​Diagram
Principles of Action and Reaction
Stage / Action Turbine (Impulse)
Stage / Reaction Turbine
Curtis Type Stage
Rateau Type Stage


ESSENTIAL – Module 2


Single and Multistage Turbines
Direction of Rotation
LOA-LA / HP-LP / AP-BP Concept
Components
Components – Steam Chamber
Components – Emergency Valve
Components – Partializing Valve
Components – Casings
Components – Injector / Expander
Components – Rotor
Components – Vanes
Components – Belt
Components – Fixed Vanes (Reverser)
Components – Diaphragm
Components – Diaphragm Holder
Components – Vane Holder
Components – Radial Bearing
Components – Axial Bearing
Components – Bearing Housing
Components – Vapor Sealing System
Components – Vapor Sealing – Carbon Ring
Components – Vapor Sealing – Labyrinth Ring
Components – Vapor Sealing – Sealing Blades
Components – Oil Sealing
Components – Mechanical Speed ​​Regulator
Components – Electronic Speed ​​Regulator
Components – Actuator
Components – Coupling
Components – Reducer
Components – Slow Rotation
Components – Lubrication System
What is TRIP?
Condensation System
Condensation System – Devices
Certificate
Final Considerations and Certificate

 


ADVANCED – Module 1 – Introduction and Fundamentals

 


Start Here
Course Presentation
Introduction
Historical Context
Application
Waste To Energy – Energy Recovery Plant “URE”
Module 1 Handout

 

 

ADVANCED – Module 2 – Basic Thermodynamics for Steam Turbines

 


Thermodynamic Characteristics
Steam Thermal Plant Cycles
Rankine Cycle – Transforming Heat into Work
Thermal Cycle Analysis – Condensation Turbine (Efficiency Comparison)
Thermal Cycle Equipment
Practical Rankine Cycle
TS Diagram
Mollier Diagram
Rankine Cycle Variations
Reheat Cycle
Regenerative Cycle
Combined Cycle
Reuse of Thermal Energy
What is Steam?
Quiz 1
Module 2 Handout


ADVANCED – Module 3 -Classification of Steam Turbines

 


Classification of Steam Turbines
Types of Steam Turbines
Condensing Turbine
Backpressure Turbine
Pressure Reduction Turbine
Types of Extraction
Operating Principle
Speed ​​Diagram
Principles of Action and Reaction
What is a Stage?
Action (Impulse) Stage / Turbine
Reaction Stage / Turbine
Curtis Type Stage
Rateau Type Stage
Quiz 2
Single and Multistage Turbines
Radial and Axial Turbines
Direction of Rotation
LOA-LA / HP-LP / AP-BP Concept
Applicable Standards
Internal Losses
Turbine Efficiency
Saturation Curve
Quiz 3
Module 3 Handbook

 

 

ADVANCED – Module 4 – Components Part 1


Components
Components – Steam Chamber
Components – “Quick Closing” Emergency Valve
Components – “Quick Closing” Emergency Valve Part 2
Components – Partializing Valve
Components – Casings
Torquing Turbine Casings – Hydraulic Tensioner
Sealant for Junction Plane (Housings) and Flanges
Components – Hood Spray System
Components – Injector / Expander
Components – Rotor
Rotor Components – Balance Piston
Rotor Components – Control Wheel (Wheel Chamber)
Rotor Components – Rigid and Flexible
Rotor Components – Runout
Rotor Components – Magnetization
Quiz 4

 


ADVANCED – Module 5 – Components Part 2
Automatically released after 7 days from the date of purchase.

 


Rotor Components – Alignment
Rotor Components – Mechanical Alignment
Rotor Components – Piano String Alignment
Rotor Components – Laser Alignment
Rotor Components – Catenary Curve
Rotor Components – Critical Speed
Rotor Components – Vibration
Rotor Components – Balancing
Quiz 5
Balancing – High Speed ​​Balance
Components – Vanes
Components: Vanes: 3D Printing
Components – Belt
Components – Fixed Vanes (Reverser)
Components – Diaphragm
Components – Diaphragm Holder
Components – Vane Holder
Module 5 Handbook

 

 

ADVANCED – Module 6  – Components Part 3

Automatically released after 7 days from the date of purchase.

 


Components – Radial Bearing
Bearing Components – Operating Principle
Radial Bearing Components – Cylindrical
Radial Bearing Components – Pressure Dam
Radial Bearing Components – Multilobular
Radial Bearing Components – Tilting Pad
Radial Bearing Components – Oil Lift
Bearing – General Concepts
Bearing Components – Materials
Bearing Components – Temperature Monitoring
Components – Tilting Pad Bearing – Temperature Monitoring
Radial Bearing Components – Alignment
Radial Bearing Components – Clearance
Radial Bearing Components – Clearance Complement
Components – Radial Bearing – Clearance Check
Axial Expansion
Components – Axial Bearing
Quiz 6


ADVANCED – Module 7 – Components Part 4
Automatically released after 7 days from the date of your purchase


Components – Bearing Housing
Components – Vapor Sealing System
Components – Vapor Sealing – Carbon Ring
Components – Vapor Sealing – Ring Maze
Components – Vapor Sealing – Sealing Blades
Components – Oil Sealing
Turbine Speed ​​Control – Overview
Components – Mechanical Speed ​​Governor
Mechanical-Hydraulic Speed ​​Governor – Deep Dive
Components – Electronic Speed ​​Governor
Components – Actuator
Components – Coupling
Quiz 7
Components – Reducer
Components – Slow Rotation
Components – Thermal / Acoustic Insulation
Components – Base and Foundation

 

ADVANCED – Module 8 – Systems: Condensation, Control, Safety and Others
Automatically released after 7 days from the date of purchase.

 


Condensation System – Overview
Condensation System – Devices
What is TRIP?
Types of TRIP – Turbine Disarming
TRIP Disarming Standards and Criteria
Synchronization

 

 

ADVANCED – Module 9 – Lubrication System
Automatically released after 7 days from the date of purchase.


Lubrication System – Overview
Lubrication System – Consumers
Lubrication System – Hydraulic Unit
Oil Catcher Ring Applied in Single-Stage Turbines
Oil Contamination Level – NAS Indicator
Limit Concentration of Water in Oil
Flushing in Lubrication System


ADVANCED – Module 10 – Operation, Inspection and Maintenance
Automatically released after 7 days from the date of purchase.


Turbine Start-up and Stop Curves
Turbine Start-up Procedures
Main Materials
NDT – Non-Destructive Testing
Routine Operation and Maintenance
Failure Analysis and Solutions
Performance Analysis and Diagnosis
Assembly Clearances
Questionnaire 8
Certificate
Instructions for issuing your Certificate
Final Considerations and Certificate

 

Module – Learning About Varnish

 

Handout 4

Concept, formation, detection, correction and prevention of varnish formation
Introduction to varnish
Types of Turbine Oils
What is varnish?
Varnish Formation
Why the increasing trend in varnish formation? Varnish Presence Limits and Correction
Patent Metal Adhesion Module

Inspection Guide and Technical Standards
Introduction
Patent Metal Application Methods
Patent Metal Application Standards
Details ISO 4386 Part 2 Destructive Testing
Design for ISO 4386 Part 2 Laboratory Testing
Manufacturing Test Specimens for ISO 4386 Part 2 Laboratory Testing
Execution of Destructive Tensile and Compression Testing

 


Failure Analysis Modules

 

Steam Turbine Blade – Shear
Failure Analysis of Unexpected Steam Turbine Trips
Remote Diagnostic Analysis – Excessive Vibration Problem Solution
Rotor and Stator Blade Erosion Analysis
Vane Failure – Change in Opening of Partializing Valves
PED Bearing Resonance LOA
Introduction to SCC Failure Analysis in Steam Turbines
Failure Analysis Vibration Peaks Steam Turbines (Turbopumps)

 


505 Controller Module

 

Hardware Overview and Front Panel
Installation, Power and Startup Basics
Changing Modes and Languages
Installation, Power and Startup Basics
Navigation Screens
Wiring Connections for Analog and Speed ​​Signals
Wiring Connections for Communication Links
Wiring Connections for Discrete Signals
Ethernet IP Address Settings

 

 

SST 800 Module

 

SST 800 Condensing and Backpressure Steam Turbine Details and Systems
Lubrication System – Hydraulic Unit
Lubrication System – Consumers
Control System
Condensing System
Steam System – Condensing Turbine
Steam System – Backpressure Turbine

 

 

SST 400 Module

 

SST 400 Condensing Steam Turbine Details and Systems
Lubrication System – Hydraulic Unit
Lubrication System – Consumers
Control System
Condensation System

Frequently Asked Questions About Action vs. Reaction Steam Turbines

  • What’s the main difference between an action and a reaction steam turbine?
    An action turbine uses impulse force from steam jets, while a reaction turbine leverages both impulse and reaction forces from continuous steam expansion.
  • Which type of turbine is more efficient?
    Reaction turbines generally offer higher efficiency in large-scale applications due to multi-stage expansion, but action turbines can be more efficient in specific high-pressure, low-flow scenarios.
  • What industries use action steam turbines?
    They’re common in small-scale power generation, mechanical drives (e.g., pumps), and as high-pressure stages in hybrid systems.
  • What are the biggest maintenance challenges for reaction turbines?
    Corrosion, blade fatigue, and thermal stress are major concerns due to complex designs and continuous steam expansion.
  • Can action and reaction principles be combined in one turbine?
    Yes, modern multi-stage turbines often use action stages in high-pressure sections and reaction stages in low-pressure sections for optimal efficiency.
  • How can I improve the lifespan of my steam turbine?
    Regular maintenance, proper steam conditioning, and advanced monitoring systems can significantly extend turbine life.

Operation and Maintenance Aspects of Action and Reaction Steam Turbines

Action Steam Turbine Operation and Maintenance

 

  • Operation: Requires precise control of steam pressure and velocity to avoid energy losses in nozzles.
  • Maintenance: Focus on inspecting nozzles for fouling and ensuring blade integrity against erosion. Regular rotor balancing is critical.
  • Common Failures: Nozzle blockages, blade wear, and rotor imbalance.
  • Corrections: Use steam filters, schedule frequent cleanings, and employ dynamic balancing techniques.

 

Reaction Steam Turbine Operation and Maintenance

 

  • Operation: Demands careful monitoring of temperature and pressure gradients across stages to prevent thermal stress.
  • Maintenance: Emphasize blade inspections, corrosion prevention, and alignment checks. Advanced diagnostics like vibration analysis are essential.
  • Common Failures: Blade fatigue, corrosion in low-pressure stages, and seal wear.
  • Corrections: Implement protective coatings, maintain strict water chemistry controls, and replace worn seals promptly.
Steam Turbine
Expansion of Steam Inside a Steam Turbine

"Steam flows through these components, causing the rotor blades to spin and generate rotational energy."

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Conclusion

Choosing between an action steam turbine and a reaction steam turbine depends on your specific operational needs, scale, and budget.

 

Action turbines offer simplicity and compactness for smaller, high-pressure applications, while reaction turbines provide superior efficiency and scalability for large-scale power generation.

 

Both types come with unique challenges, but with proper maintenance and modern technological upgrades, their performance can be optimized for years of reliable service.

 

Ready to take your turbine expertise to the next level? Explore TURBIVAP courses and trainings to gain hands-on knowledge and actionable solutions for mastering action and reaction steam turbines.

 

Whether you’re an engineer, operator, or maintenance professional, TURBIVAP has the tools to help you succeed.

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About the Author

Ronaldo Pexe

Note: The opinions and information contained in this publication do not necessarily reflect the opinion of TURBIVAP.

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